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Previous Next The best candle and soap tips online! layer. In this state it is between the normal acid and the turpentine. When the soap contains rosin, this substance partly separates from the fatty matter, and forms a layer between the turpentine and the acid, but it preserves its volume whatever is done to unite it into a smaller space. The volume of the turpentine with the fatty substance must be diminished by about \ a division, or \ of a cubic centimetre (0.06 fluidrachtn), and the volume of the water ought to be increased by that diminution. This correction must be made, because the water attaches itself to the edges of the tube and diminishes its diameter, which causes the lightest volume to be increased a little, and the heaviest to be diminished. If soap made with olive oil is tried, the total volume is about 79.5 divisions; if the trial is made with oleic acid soap, the total volume is from 80 to 81; if the soap is made with greases or heavy oils, the volume is below 79.5 divisions. These volumes are very variable, because the soaps may contain more or less water, and the fatty substances may have a greater or less weight. Let us suppose that by the trial of a white soap from olive oil the volume was 79.5 divisions, and the volume of the normal acid and water contained in the 10 grammes of the soap was 26 divisions, we have: Total volume . . . .79.5 div. Less the volume of acid and water 26.0 For the correction . . . 0.5 Which gives.... Less the volume of turpentine Balance .... 53.0 40.0 13 Q = 13 c.c. = 6.5c. c. (1.75 fldrm.). 2 As there has been used 10 cubic centimetres = 20 divisions of normal acid according to the composition of the soap, the volume of the acid water is 26.5 divisions, we have: 26.5 c. c. 2 : 13.25 c. c. 10 c. c. = 3.25 c. c. (0.88 fluidrachm). 372 TECHNICAL TREATISE ON SOAP AND CANDL'ES. SOAP ANALYSIS. 373 Which make: 6.50 c. c. 3.25 " Fatty matter Water and soda 9.75 " (2.63fluidrachms). The soap being heavier than water, the volume 9.75 cubic centimetres in soap represents the weight of 10 cubic centimetres (2.70 fluidrachms) of water. To know the weight of the cubic centimetre of the fatty matter contained in various soaps, we remember that there have been introduced into the tube 10 cubic centimetres of normal acid, 20 cubic centimetres (0.66 fluidoz.) spirit of turpentine, and 10 grammes of soap. After the decomposition of the soap, the height of the total volume of the spirit, fatty matter, and acid water, being exactly taken, has been of 79.5 divisions, the volume of the aqueous part being 26 divisions. By making the correction spoken of before, 10 grammes of the soap contain in volume: 6.50 c. c. ; 3.25 c. c. = 9.75 c. c. Fatty matter . Water and soda On the other hand, the author has dissolved in a porcelain dish 10 grammes (0.35 oz.) of the same soap in a sufficient quantity of water, to which, afterwards, was added a sufficient quantity of the normal sulphuric acid; after the separation of the fatty acids 10 grammes (0.35 oz.) of dried white candleshop.com/cgi-bin/affiliates/clickthru.cgi?id=soforreal">wax were added, which after fusion became incorporated with the fatty substance; and after cooling the cake was dried and weighed. The total weight was 15.97 grammes (0.56 oz.). From this weight, if we subtract that of the candleshop.com/cgi-bin/affiliates/clickthru.cgi?id=soforreal">wax, which is 10 grammes (0.35 oz.), the balance 5.97 grammes (0.21 oz.) represents the volume 6.5 cubic centimetres (1.75 fluidrachms) found by the turpentine. To ascertain the weight of a cubic centimetre of the fatty matter contained in Marseilles soap, we have: 5.97 grins. x _ 0 91846 gmmme /u 17 grajns\ 6.5 c.c. The weight of the cubic centimetre of the fatty matter contained in several specimens of Marseilles soap made by different manufacturers was 0.91846, 0.91875, 0.91921; the average of which is 0.91880 gramme. The weight of the cubic centimetre of fatty substances from cocoa-oil soap is 0.940 gramme. From palm-oil soap 0.922. From tallow soap 0.9714. From oleic-acid soap 0.9003. The weight of the fatty matter being known, we have to analyze the soda and water. Add to the tube which contains the mixture a sufficient quantity of distilled water to raise the level of the turpentine ; this substance and the fatty matter are removed, the tube is corked and well stirred to dissolve the acid sulphate of soda which may have crystallized, and the acid mixture is poured into a test glass. Pour a little more water into the tube so as to wash well the last portions of acidulated water, and add it to the first acid solution. Put into this solution a few drops of tincture of litmus, and in the graduated tube introduce 50 cubic centi metres (1.69 fluidozs.) of the alkaline liquor; pour little by little a sufficient quantity of this liquor into the glas3 containing the acid, mixing the whole with'a glass rod until the litmus passes to the onioii peel color. The liquor has to be tried from time to time with litmus paper, and when this paper does not turn red, the addition of the alkaline liquor is stopped and its volume measured. Let us suppose that the ^fo of the alkaline volume have been necessary to saturate the acid. The alkaline liquor contains in 50 cubic centimetres (1.69 fluidozs.) 1.2 grammes (18.50 grains) of soda. This weight forms a neutral salt with the sulphuric acid contained in the 10 cubic centimetres (0.33 fluidoz.) of normal acid used to decompose the soap. If the operator has only used the r%°0 of 50 cubic centimetres of alkaline liquor, it is evident that the soap contains the T700sr of 1.2 grammes (18.50 grains) of soda. Then the volume of the alkaline liquor which is not used contains exactly a weight of soda equal to that which is found in the 10 grammes (154.3 grains) of the soap. 375 374 TECHNICAL TREATISE ON SOAP AND CANDLES. To apply this process, if the operator has used the ^"^ of the alkaline volume for the saturation of the acid, the soap contains the ?££$ of 1.2 grammes (18.50 grains) of soda, or 0.84 gramme (12.96 grains), or 8.40 per cent.; if the volume used has been -j-6^ the soap contains 0.6 gramme (9.26 grains) of soda, or six per cent. If the analysis of a soft soap has to be made, what is left of the alkaline volume not used will represent the proportional equivalent of the potash contained in the soap. The equivalent of the soda being 1.2 grammes, that of the potash is 1.825 grammes (28.16 grains). If the volume not used is T70°(j5 it is evident that the soap contains in the 10 grammes -j-ViT of 1.825 grammes of potash ; if the volume not used is ,%%, it is manifest that the soap contains Tsn°5 of 1.825, or 9.125 per cent, of potash. The weight of the soda or potash being determined, it has to be subtracted from the water. The analysis of a soap giving in volume: Fatty matter .... 6.50 c. c. (1.75 fluidrachm) Water and soda. . . . 3.25 " (.88 " ) if the weight of the soda is 0.60 gramme, we have: Fatty substance 6.5 c. c. X 0.91846 grm. = 5.9099 grms. (92.16 grains). Soda 0.6000 " ( 9.00 *' ). Water found by difference . . . 3.4301*" (52.84 " ). Soap 10.0000 " (154.00 " ). If the soap contains glycerine, this substance remains in solution in the normal acid ; if it contains flour, talc, clay, * If we take 10 c. c. of distilled water, and 5 grammes (77.15 grains) of potash, the volume of the solution at 60° is 11.75 c. c. (3.17 fluidrachms). Supposing that soda gives the same result as potash, we have to know the volume of 0.6 gramme (9.24 grains) of soda: KO Vol. NaO. Vol. 5 grms. : 1.75 c. c. : : 0.60 : £ = 0.21 c. c. 77.15 grs. : 0.47 fluidrachms. : : 9.24 : % = 0.056 fluidrachms. Which gives for the volume of the water : 3.25 c. c. 0.21c. c. =3.04 c.c. of water. 0.87 fluidrachm 0.05 fluidrachm = 0.82 fluidrachm. SOAP ANALYSIS. all these substances fall immediately to the bottom of the tube. Soap of Oleic Acid and Rosin. If 10 grammes (154 grains) of rosin soap are treated by 10 cubic centimetres (0.33 fluidoz.) of normal acid; and 20 cubic centimetres (0.66 fluidoz.) of spirit of turpentine, the latter hardly dissolves any of the rosin. If a certain quantity of Marseilles soap, for example, enters into the weight of 10 grammes of rosin soap, all the fatty matter of the Marseilles soap is dissolved by the turpentine, and the rosin is dissolved only in the proportion of about the ^\ of a cubic centimetre (0.045 fluidrachm); it forms a voluminous layer below the turpentine. This easy separation of the rosin ought to be attributed to a special state it acquires while in presence of the water when separated from its combination with potash or soda by sulphuric acid. These results are described in the two following experiments: First Experiment.10 grammes (0.35 oz.) of olive soap containing very little water have given for the volume of the fatty matter 8.25 cubic centimetres (2.23 fluidrachms). Second Experiment.8 grammes (123 grains) of the same soap and 2 grammes (31 grains) of rosin soap have given a volume of the fatty matter and dissolved rosin equal to 6.75 cubic centimetres (1.82 fluidrachms). To know the volume from the 8 grammes of olive soap, we have: 10 grms. : 8.25 c. c. : : 8 grms. : x = Vol. 6.60 c. c. (1.78 fluidrachm). If from the volume of 6.75 cubic centimetres we subtract volume 6.60, the balance 0.15 indicates that the turpentine has dissolved only the -£fo of a cubic centimetre of rosin. In some woollen cloth manufactories, they use a soap made with oleic acid and rosin. Let us suppose that 10 grammes of this soap have given by the candleshop.com/cgi-bin/affiliates/clickthru.cgi?id=soforreal">wax process a weight of fatty matter and rosin = 6.45 grammes (99.52 grains), that by the treatment with the turpentine the volume of fatty matter and dissolved rosin = 6.25 cubic centimetres (1.7 flui- S76 Previous Next
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