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Previous Next The best candle and soap tips online! TECHNICAL TREATISE ON SOAP AND CANDLES. THE FABRICATION OF SOAPS. 335 Sand Soap is made with the admixture of fine sand to the amount of 20 or 25 per cent, in weight, which is best added to the hot soap when in the frames, being crutched in until the soapia too stift'to stir. Quartz Soap is also known by various names, as diamond soap, crystal soap, etc., and is made by crutching into the still hot soap in the frames about 20 per cent, of finely powdered quartz or spar, as in the manner for sand soap. Poncein Soap is also a useful detergent much used for cleaning the dirty hands of those engaged in mechanical trades. The process is the same as for sand soap, using a very finely powdered pumice stone. This soap is also made of very select materials, and used as a toilet soap with the requisite amount of perfume. For the mechanical admixture of these various substances with soap there are a number of new crutching machines that greatly facilitate the filling of all soaps; we have illustrated the one lately invented by Mr. Stephen Strunz. Greaves or Crackling Soap.—For the manufacture of this soap, we use the offals and remnants of rendered tallow, hogs' lard, etc. "When for the melting of the tallow sulphuric acid has been employed, the greaves must at first be washed out with water. For 100 kHog. (220 lbs.) greaves place 100 to 110 kilog. (220 to 242 lbs.) of 20° B. soda-lye in the kettle, which is to be heated to boiling, and leave this mass to rest for 48 hours, during which time the greaves dissolve into a gelatinous mass. The boiling is then continued until it becomes pasty ; add cocoa-nut oil with the requisite alkali to it, and boil until it becomes a paste soap; after the disappearance of froth, or, if this takes too long, and the soap proves to be firm, it is run into the frames, after previously skimming off the froth. Hone Soap.—By this name we designate a mixture of common soap, for instance tallow, palm-oil, or rosin soap, which has by soda-lye been loosened of decomposed animalic gelatinous matter or bones, and has been so treated that a solid mass (soap) is produced. "With regard to the soap made of bones,this can be performed by two different methods. According to the one, the bones are manipulated with concentrated muriatic acid, and they need not be previously broken up. This acid dissolves the carbonate and phosphate of lime, while it leaves the animal gluten as a strong transparent mass, in the form of the bones. By repeated washing it is entirely freed from the muriatic acid ; this gluten is added to either of the above-named fats during the process of saponification. According to the other method the entire mass of bones,, is embodied with the soap, and not the jelly or gluten alone. For this purpose, the previously bruised bones are softened by pouring a strong caustic lye over them in an iron vessel. The lye dissolves the gluten, and leaves the earthy paste as a residue, in the shape of a powder. After a period of two or three vveeks, the bones are perfectly loosened and are easily reduced to a pulp. The finely ground mixture is now boiled in the kettle for one hour, in order to saponify with this caustic liquid the fat, for instance cocoa-nut oil, in the same manner as is done with common lye. Such an article was formerly produced and sold under the name "Liverpool Poorman's Soap," and much used. By the presence of the gluten and the bone clay, the soap loses but little of its firmness and its property of foaming. It shows, however, nothing of that which is termed "grain," and it appears, when cut, of dark-brown color, and is not as transparent as the rosin soaps. Other Filled Soaps.—By a change of the proportions between cocoa-nut oil and the other fats and rosin, and these again among themselves, and by applying a solution of salt-soda or potash for the filling of the soaps, the number of the variety of these filled soaps may be multiplied indefinitely; but all of them resemble each other in this one particular, that of having more the interest of the manufacturers at heart than that of the consumers, and, to say it plainly, they are inferior and only apparently cheap. The following are a few more formulae for making these soaps:— 336 TECHNICAL TRKATISE ON SOAP AND CANDLES. NKW SOAPS BY NEW METHODS. 337 I. Cocoa-nut oil 2000 kilog. ( 4400 lbs.) Palm-kernel oil 2000 " ( 4400 " ) Crude palm oil 630 " ( t386 " ) Tallow 370 " ( 814 " ) Caustic soda-lye 28° B 5350 " (11,770 " ) Solution of potash 25° B. . . . 350 " ( 770 " ) Salt solution 25° B 5200 " (11,440 " ) II. Cocoa-nut oil 1000 kilog. (22,000 lbs.) Tallow 500 " ( 1100 " ) Caustic soda-lye 20O B 960 " ( 2112 " ) Solution of potash 30OB. . . . 360 " ( 792 ") Salt solution 25° B 1680 " ( 3696 " ) III. Cocoa-nut oil 2720 kilog. ( 5984 lbs.) Caustic soda-lye 25° B 750 "( 1650 " ) Solution of potash l'io B. . . . 1760 " ( 3872 ") Solution of potash 20o B. . . . 960 " ( 2112 ") Salt solution 30° B 2000 " ( 4400 " ) IV. Cocoa-nut oil 1680 kilog. ( 3696 lbs.) Caustic soda-lye 40O B. . . . 600 " ( 1323 " ) Solution of potash 30OB. . . . 300 " ( 660" ) Salt solution 25= B 860 " ( 1892 " ) Water 630 "( 1386 " ) SECTION XV. NEW SOAPS BY NEW METHODS. INNUMERABLE new soaps by new processes are constantly seeking notice, and for many of which patents are granted more for their novelty than for their intrinsic merit, for often in their composition they set at defiance all chemical rules and are worse than useless. There are, however, many others that being based on science may be considered as improvements, and have a useful application in our art. As we have said, there are many other means of saponifi-cation besides soda and potash, and these have been utilized to decompose the neutral fats, for various uses in the art. Yet, in as far as a detersive soap is concerned, they have not been successful in practice. But for making the stearic acid for candles many of these new processes have found a practical use. Thus, we have the saponitication by lime, by a small portion of lime assisted by surcharged steam, by water and distillation, by water under high pressure, by sulphuric acid, by sulphate of soda, etc. When we come to treat of the manufacture of candles these processes will receive that attention which they deserve. Yet, there are some of these processes that here claim our attention and are of interest. Saponification of Fats by means of Carbonated Alkalies.—*-Under ordinary conditions, the carbonated alkalies do not possess the power to separate the glyceryl oxide from the neutral fats, and to combine with the sebacic acids. By an increased temperature, however, a lively reaction ensues, whereby the carbonated alkali does lose its carbonate, while the sebacic acid and the base combine for a real soap. When, for instance, a mixture of 100 parts tallow and 22 to 25 parts anhydrous carbonate of soda is gradually heated, vigorous 22 Previous Next
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