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Previous Next The best candle and soap tips online! soda contained in 10 litres (2.6 gallons) lye—and have recalculated into measures. These tables containing all sorts of lyes, from the strongest to the very weakest, it is by their aid very easy to find the correct quantities of alkali, even if we are compelled to apply lyes of various strengths. A few examples will make this still more apparent. Supposing we had 2000 kilog. (4400 lbs.) fat to boil into soft soap, it Avould require, if 8.16 kilog. (17.95 lbs.) potash saponify 50 kilo. (110 lbs.) fat 16'82,QQ200Q = 326-4 kilog. (718 lbs.). Of lye we have one of 21° B. and another of 10° B.; each of the lyes is to furnish one-half of the requisite potash ; hence 163.2 kilog. (359 lbs.). In the table for potash we find that in 20 litres (5.29 gallons) of the lye of 21 ° B. 3.84 kilog. (8.45 lbs.) potash are contained, hence we have the rate 3.84 : 163.2 = 20 : x; x = 950, and we have therefore to take 950 litres (251 gallons) of this lye. Of the lye of 10° B., 20 litres (5.29 gallons) contain 1.57 kilog. (3.45 lbs.) potash, hence 157 : 163.2 = 20 : x ; x = 2079; of this lye there are consequently to be measured off 2079 litres (550 gallons). If f of the strong lye is to be taken and § of the weak, the calculation would be fixed as follows: 5 x 326.4 16,320 , 2 x 326.4 652 7 = — 7— = 233} kilog., and ^ =—^ = 93.2 kilog. (205 lbs.); we have hence to take 3.84 : 233.14 = 20 : x, 12l4 litres (321 gallons) of the strong, and of the weak 1.57 : 93.2 = 20 : a; = 1187 litres (314 gallons). In the same manner the calculation is carried out if the point in question is the saponification of, for instance, 1000 kilog. (2200 lbs.) fat, by means of caustic soda. To do this 107.4 kilog. (236.28 lbs.) caustic soda would be requisite, whereof one-half is applied for the so-called process of boiling the paste (preliminary operation) with a weaker lye. On hand are: a lye of 30° B. and another of 12° B. The former contains in 20 litres (5.29 gallons) 4.43 kilog. (9.75 lbs.) of 53 7 x 20 caustic soda (one-half of the entire quantity) take 4.43 250.4 litres (66 gallons). 266 TECHNICAL TREATISE ON SOAP AND CANDLES. THE FABRICATION OP SOAPS. 267 20 litres (5.29 gallons) to obtain also in this we will have to apply The weaker lye of 12° B. contains in 1.46 kilog. (3.21 lbs.) caustic soda, and case 53.7 kilog. (118 lbs.) caustic soda, 53.7 x 20 —Y^Q— = 736 litres (194 gallons). show how to use the same, the correct pro-calculated in advance. These few examples will suffice to tables, and also how, by means of the portion between fat and alkali may be HARD SOAPS (SODA SOAPS). "We begin with the fabrication of the solid (curd or grain) soaps made with soda lye. They are such soaps as in the process of boiling are cut, or freed from their superfluous water by means of culinary salt, and are the white, yellowish, or marbled soaps. To make a good Marbled or Marseilles Soap the operation is divided into the following different parts. 1. The pasting or empatage. 2. The separation or relargage. 3. The clear boiling or eoction. 4. The mottling or marbling. 5. The framing. In making the paste, only one-half of the quantity of caustic soda is applied, which is necessary for a perfect saponifi-cation of the fat which is taken to be worked up; but this quantity is also divided into two lyes of different strengths, and for the first application the weaker lye is used, so that the boiling commences with the fourth part of the entire quantity of caustic soda. A certain quantity of lye is now placed in the kettle to be boiled, and then the fat is added, and for marbled or Marseilles soap olive oil with about 10 to 20 per cent, of a drying oil is put in. After a short time the mass is again brought to a boil, whereby it bubbles up under ebullition. For checking the boiling over the fire is diminished, and while the mass is being gently stirred it is permitted to continue to boil until all frothing has ceased, and the so-called paste is formed. The mass has, in this condition of the operation, a yellowish white appearance, and if a sample of it is taken out with a spatula, it can be drawn into' long threads of a white color. The soap after continuous boiling having assumed a greater consistency, receives a gradual addition—at intervals of about half an hour—of the second portion of lye, and the boiling is kept up during several hours, the better to perfect the combination of the soda with the fat. In order to facilitate this combination, a little carbonate of soda is occasionally added; much better suited for this purpose, however, is a small portion of finished soap, which causes the formation of an emulsion-like mixture, a condition which greatly hastens the saponification. When a perfect union of the fat and the alkali has taken place the second operation, called the cutting of the pan or the separation of the surplus water from the soap, thereby to make the same more consistent, is attended to, when after the preliminary boiling a perfect union of the fat with the lye has taken place. For this operation we take either a strong salted soda lye or culinary salt. The latter, for reasons stated when this subject was under discussion, must be refined. It is applied dry or in solution, and of the one or the other we add as long as the soap and the lye become separated, which is ascertained by noticing when the soap begins to boil into broad and smooth plates, and upon the spatula separating from the lye in pieces, and a sample of it, being cooled off on a glass plate, is no longer soft and smeary, but can be removed tolerably dry. Another sign of the complete separation is that the hot, clear lye after cooling off does not congeal to a jelly-like mass. There is generally no danger that the soap will not completely separate, because a little surplus of culinary salt does not injure it. How much of salt is necessary, in proportion to the materials which are being worked up (fat and alkali) to cause separation, cannot be reckoned in advance, since this is dependent on the concentration of the lye applied and the greater or less time required for boiling, whereby it concentrates. The surest mode is repeated proving, whereby we convince ourselves of the state of the mass. 268 Previous Next
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