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Previous Next The best candle and soap tips online! First, one for making the mottled Marseilles soap, with an open fire. A A. Factory Building. — This building has the form 204 TECHNICAL TREATISE ON SOAP AND CANDLES. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SOAP FACTORY. 205 of a parallelogram, the dimensions of which vary according to the importance of the manufacture. It is divided into three compartments; the middle one is occupied by the kettles, frames, and lye vats. That on the left contains the lixiviating apparatus. That on the right is employed as a store-room. A basement about 9 feet below the first floor forms passages and cellars, a part of which is occupied by the furnaces and reservoirs of masonry to receive the waste lyes drawn from the kettles during the boiling of the soaps. The communication with the first floor is by the stairways KK B B. Kettles.—It is in these kettles that oils and fatty matters are saponified, by means of caustic lyes of soda. They are placed on a parallel line; below these kettles are passages and arched cellars, in which are placed the furnaces and masonry vats, to receive the waste lyes, which collect at the bottom of the kettles below the soap. Their capacity varies from 1250 to 5000 gallons. Their upper level is about 3 feet above that of the floor of the cellar, which is ordinarily paved with bricks or hard flagstones. C C. Fireplace.— The fireplace is the space which separates the grate from the bottom of the kettle. The space varies from 13 to 20 inches, according to the capacity of the kettles. The inside of the fireplace is constructed of good refractory bricks, and has the form of a truncated cone. D D. Grate, or the part of the fireplace destined to support the fuel. It is composed of cast-iron bars placed near each other, at the distance of about one-third of an inch. These bars are generally one inch in thickness, so that the grate presents a surface of draught equal to one-fourth of its total surface. Experience has shown that these proportions are the most convenient for producing a complete combustion of the fuel. E E. General chimney into which all the products of the combustion are discharged. The higher the chimney the better the draft. Its inside diameter must always be proportioned to the total opening of the flues of the furnace. To hasten or slacken the combustion in the furnaces, each' chimney is provided with a good register. F F. Ash-pan.—The ash-pan is the vacant space between the ground and the grate. It has two different objects. First, it gives passage to the air between the bars of the grate, an essential condition to keep up the fire; secondly, it is a kind of magazine for the ashes. Its dimensions are variable, but it is ordinarily as wide as the grate. It is important not to let the ashes accumulate in it, for in this case the obstruction to the entrance of air under the grate would retard the combustion. G G. Cisterns in masonry placed under the kettles. They are used to receive the waste lyes. A pump placed in each cistern is employed to raise the lye they contain, into a large masonry or sheet-iron vat placed on the first floor. HHH, Large masonry vats in which are kept separately the different qualities of oil used in the saponification. Their capacity is very variable—from 2500 to 12,500 gallons. They are ordinarily covered by an arch of bricks, in the middle of which there is a large opening closed by a wooden trap-door. 11. Cellars below the first floor. L L L. Basins of brick or stone. They are used to lixiviate the crude soda for the preparation of caustic lyes. Their number, like their capacity, varies according to the importance of the manufacture. They are located on the first floor, and parallel with the kettles ; immediately below, large cisterns are constructed, from six to nine feet deep, specially intended to be used as receivers for the different lyes obtained by the lixiviation of the crude soda. M M M. Frames constructed of brick and cement, which have the form of a parallelogram, and their height varies between seventeen and twenty-three inches. The upper part must always be lower than the edges of the kettles, so that by means of a wooden trough, inclined towards the frames, the soap, after being boiled, may be run into them. Their capacity varies according to the size of the kettle. Generally each kettle requires three frames, which are simultaneously employed. M M. Store-rooms containing the crude sodas. It is also 206 TECHNICAL TREATISE ON SOAP AND CANDLES. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SOAP FACTORY. 207 in this room that the sodas are pulverized and mixed with the proper proportions of lime to form the carbonate into caustic soda. The pulverizing of the soda is done in N". The powder must not be too line, for in such case the lixiviation would be impossible or very difficult. Description of a General Plan for a Manufactory of Soap Heated by Steam.—The application of steam to the fabrication of soaps has become nearly general. This system presents advantages so evident, over the heating by open fire, that it is now very generally adopted. In the following figure we give the plan of a manufactory in which all the kettles are heated by steam. A. Boiler to produce steam. B. Fireplace provided with a cast-iron grate, in which the fuel is burned. C. Chimney for the discharge of the products of the com bustion. Fig. 14. D. Dome from which the steam is discharged by means of the pipe F F, into flat coils, placed at about one inch from the bottom of the kettle. This dome is necessary to prevent Previous Next
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