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Home > 87.19 88.90 90. CI 92.^3...
Previous Next The best candle and soap tips online! 87.19 88.90 90. CI 92.^3 9.1.74 97.45 99.16 100.S7 103.58 104 29 10B.09 107,71 109 43 111.IS 113.84 114.55 116.26 117.97 119.68 131.39 133.10 124.81 126 53 128.33 129.94 131.(54 138.3.1 U5.O7 130.77 140. lit 141, iiO 14K.fi! 14.1. S3 147.0:; 14S.7I 150.45 152.16 153 H7 £5,1.88 157.29 1.19.00 160.71 163.43 164.13 185.84 167.55 169.36 170.79 235.29 239.87 244.48 249.10 253.71 258.33 262.94 267.55 272.16 279.77 281.40 286.01 290.62 295.23 299.85 304.46 809.08 313.69 318.30 322.90 327.52 33-3.18 336.74 341.36 345.97 350.58 355.30 859.81 364.41 309.03 373.64 378.26 382.87' 387.48 393.09 396.71 401.33 405.43 410.55 415.16 419.77 424.34 429.00 433.61 438.22 442 84 447.45 453.06 456.67 461.28 194 TECHNICAL TREATISE OS SOAP AND CANDLES. THE APPLICATION OF SOAPS. 195 Analysis of Lime. It might scarcely appear admissible to judge from the nature of a small piece of lime—such as ia needed for its investigation—and to draw conclusions as to the value of the entire hulk from which this fragment was taken. An average sample should therefore be chosen. This is done by taking from a number of pieces small portions, and pulverizing and mixing them well. Prom this mixture of lime are weighed off 2.8 grammes {43.21 grains) of lime, wliich are placed in a 100 cubic centimetre (3.38 fl. ozs.) measuring flask, staked with water, mixed with 5 grammes (77.15 grains) muriate of ammonia, and then the flask filled up to the mark with water. After the ensuing decomposition,and when the liquid has cleared off, 10 cubic centimetres (0.388 fluid oz.) standard nitric acid are placed in a porcelain saucer, mixed with tincture of litmus, and by means of a pipette—graduated to TV cubic centimetre (0.027 fluidrachm) divisions—titrated with the normal ammonia liquid until the appearance of the blue color. Of this 12.1 cubic centimetres (0.427 naid oz.) are used. Inasmuch as the consumption is the larger the more diluted the liquid is, so becomes the proportion in this instance reversed. In order to find the percentage of caustic lime, we must divide by 12.7 in 10x100=1000; and thus obtain 78.74 per cent. In the case of another lime, treated in the same manner, there were used for 10 cubic centimetres (0.338 fluid oz.) of nitric acid 11.6 cubic centimetres (0.391 fluid oz.) of the am- 1000 monia liquid; the same contained therefore ^-g"~" 8t^*2 Per cent, caustic lime. SECTION IX. THE APPLICATION OF SOAPS. SOAPS have so many uses and are so well known that it may be superfluous to attempt to give all the different uses to which they are applied, but they may he divided into several classes; thus soaps for domestic find laundry purposes and those most in common use, as the tallow and rosin soaps. Soaps for toilet purposes are a numerous class, and of great variety for bathing, shaving, etc., and the soaps for manufacturers or for technical purposes, and those used for dyeing, for fulling, wool-washing, etc., and also for lithographic colors and numerous other purposes in the arts. The soaps for wool-washing and fulling should be those that lather well and have a, slight excess of alkali and "be free from starch or resin; the better classes of soft soaps are made for these purposes. The soaps used in dyeing establishments should be of a still better class, free from all adulterations, entirely neutral and without any free alkali; those for the lithographic tints as perfectly made as possible, and without any culinary salt; while the toilet soaps should receive especial care in the selection of the purest materials,and in their manipulation great regard to the correct equivalents of the fat with the bases to insure their neutrality, and the admixtures they may contain should be such as are entirely harmless in using, or such as would improve their quality for the purpose they are designed for. The action of soaps in washing is but little understood, and is based upon their decomposition in a large excess of water. "When a diluted solution of the eebacic acid with alkali is decomposed into an acid salt, that being insoluble floats away while the alkali dissolves the grease and dirt. 196 TEG3NICAL TREATISE ON SOAP AND CANDLES. THE ESTABLISHMENT OP A SOAP FACTORY. We have explained that soaps are really acid salts, as stearie acid salt, oleic acid gait, etc. Thus, if we take one part of these salts to 500 parts of cold water, the diluted caustic potash or soda, becoming free, acts as a solvent of the dirt or grease, without injuring the fabric or the skin of the hands as a solution of pure alkali would do. It thus appears that the separated acid salts afford to sebacic acids a certain protection at the same time that they are themselves useful for cleansing, because rrany substances especially the fats suspend themselves as emulsions in the water and can be rinsed off with additional water. A further advantage that soap has in its applications over other detergent matters, is in its form, which admits of its being used in any desirable quantity, When applied with water and Lssieted by friction, we make an emulsion of the dirt, then by adding more water the alkali is set free and exerts its effects, yet by tho large quantity of water it is so diluted that it cannot act destructively. SECTION X. THE ESTABLISHMENT OP A SOAP FACTORY WITH THE NECESSARY PLANT. MUCH might be said and many instructions given on this important subject which perhaps would find but little direct application by the person intending to establish a factory for making soaps, for they might not suit the conditions of his case; yet there are general maxims founded upon just principles which.may apply to nearly all, such as— The location; Thebuildirg; The water; The plant; The machirery, etc. etc. Of the location it would naturally be of advantage to have such an one that the raw materials might be raadily and cheaply obtained, as well as that the products of manufacture might with facility be sent to market. The location, will also depend upon the kind of soap made, for certain kinds may be needed for certain localities or certain materials can be procured to advantage in others that would be a saving in the coat of production. All this cannot be a matter for discussion, as each manufacturer must naturally be the iiest judge of where to establish himself and what to make in order to suit the wants of his customers. But wherever located it is our province to give such hints aa may improve his facilities, control his expenses, raise the quality of his work, and above all enhance his profits. This industry is an eminently progressive one, and there are being constantly invented many new kinds of machinery and labor-saving appliances, which tend to a more 198 Previous Next
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