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XIV CONTENTS. Oil of Lemon ; Oil of Fennel ; Gaulthcria or Wintergrcen Oil . . Geranium Oil; Caraway-seed Oil; Oil of Jasmin .... Lunette Oil; Oil of Lavender: Oil of Cloves N"eroli or Orange-Hover Oil; Oil of Pateliouly; Oil of Portugal; Attar of Roses, Oil of Roses Oil of Sassafras ; (XI of Marjoram ; Oil of Thyme .... Oil of Vitivert ; Cassia Oil; Oil of llosenary; Oil of Canada Snake-root; Oil of Pimento ; Oil of Nutmegs; Oil of Cinnamon . . Ambergris: Musk or hisam ........ Peruvian Baham ; Civet; Tiicture of Civet Tincture of Ambergris; Tincture of Must PAG* 446 447 448 449 452 4S4 J55 SECTION III. MATERIALS FOB CANDLES (continued). Paraffine Spermaceti Machine for Reducing Crytallized Cakea to Shreds; Wax . Sebacylic Aeid ; Elaidie Acid; Glycerine SECTION IV. THE IIABTDFAOTUUE OF CANDLES. WICKS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. Wick Cutters , . Apparatus to combine the Soaking of the Wicks with the Cutting PAGE 482 483 484 48S 490 492

PART II. MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES. SECTION I. INTRODUCTION, I>CHJDIXG rms THEORY or FLAME. SECTION II. THE MATF.BIAF.S FOR CANDLES, WITH THEIR PREPARATION. Preparation of Tallow : Chopping Board ...... -163 Power Machine for Cutting Tullow; Kutttus for Rendering in small Factories ........... 464 Hood for Kettle 465 Presses . . . . . . . . . . - .466 Centrifugal Mill 470 Saponification by Lime ......... 472 Wood Frame-work .......... 474 Hydraulic Press .......... 475 1>(* Milly's Process 477 Sapomfication by Sulphuric Acid . . . . - - . -178 Saponifieatioii by Sulphuric Acid without Distillation ; Saponification of Fats by Water combined with L)i.rill«ttioii 479 Saponifieatioii by Water un:ler High Pressure; Prof. Kraft's Report on Sebacic or Fatty Acids -*80 UUlilling Apparatus .......... 481 SECTION V. THE MANUFACTURE OF CAKDLES (continued). DIPPED CANDLES. The Necessary Apparatus. .,£ t ,,.... 49* SECTION VI. THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES (continued). MOULDED CANDLES. The Moulds 502 Moulding by Hand 503 Moulding by Machinery 504 Leubel'a Moulding Machine . .,;.,, . 506 Morgan's Moulding Machine ........ 50S Improved Continuous Wick Machine . ...... 512 Ashley's Moulding Machine; Camp's MouHing Whetl . . . 513 Stearine Candles .......... 51s Moulding Stearic Acid Candles . . . . . . . .517 The Moulds for Stearic Acid Candles; Hleaching tlit Stearic Acid; Moulding Stearic Acid Candles by Hand 518 Moulding by Steam 520 Paraffine Candles; Moulding Paraffine Candles* 522 Spermaceti Candles; Moulding Spermaceti Candles . 52S "Wax Candles .....„..,*?*„.. 524 Moulding Wax Candles . 52a Large Bougies or Ciergcs for Churches ...... 52fi

zn CONTESTS

SECTION- VII. TH.-; MA-NUFACTCKE or CANDLES (continued). POLISH!xu AND FINISHING. Apparatus for Polisliiii" ami Fiiiisliinji . . , . . . 5i« SECTION* VIII. THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES (continued). COMPOSITE ANI> PATENT CANUI.KS. Belniont Sperm Candles; Rflmont Wax. Candles; Star Candles; C-€j-ophant BoL-jiL-s; Adanigui'-im: CVndlts>; ArtifidaMVai Candles 532 Diaphanous Camlles ; Composition Candles; Various Patent Candles 033 SECTION IX. TllK SlAXUFiCTlKE OF CASDLES (conclailed). DKCORATKI» AM) COLORED CANDLKS, TAPERS, NIGHT LICHTS, KTC. Colored Candles 537 Toy Candle, Ufcorated Candles 5S« Wax Tapers &4" Night Liylit» orTa|it'rs 542 APPKNDIX. THK METRIC STSTHM UC WEUIHTS A\D MEASURES. Weights MHI MfH^ntfs ......... 543 Tabif* showing llu- RvUtivf Value nf English aud FtxocL .MeftSUTH . 541 HydromeU-rs and Thvrtnonvtvr* ....... 555 Thermot>II-tern ........... 557 Centigrade aiul Fiihrrnhiit ........ 5S8 NOTE.—Soda .Vh bv the Aminoatarsl Soda Process . . . 5€1 563 I Ml EX , A TECHNICAL TREATISE OH SOAP AND CANDLES, WITH A GLANCE AT THE INDUSTRY OF FATS AND OILS. SECTION I. INTRODUCTION. THE term soap ia now applied to all those compounds of oils or greases or sebacic acids with the aalifiable bases or alkalies, which by their detergent properties aid in the removal of dirt or grease in washing, scouring, and scrubbing. The term detergent means the power of rendering soluble in water the adhering grease or dirt on the skin or clothes ; for which purpose aoap is now universally applied by all nations. Indeed we can almost form a true estimate of the degree of civilization to which a country has attained, by knowing the amount of soap used by its inhabitants. It is perhaps unnecessary here to mention the great importance and usefulness of the art of manufacturing soap, as an article so universally used has attracted the attention of chemists from the most remote period ; yet, although soap lias been made and used for so long a time, it is only in modern times that its manufacture has reached a scientific character, for it is less than sixty jears sin^e Chevreul first advanced the proper theory of sap<>nifu:ation, and made l

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TECBNICAL TREATISE ON BOAP AND CANDLES.

HISTORY OF THH SOAP AKD ALKALI TRADKS.

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To the magnitude of its agriculture, manufactures, and commerce we turn to discover the wealth of a nation, and in applying the light soap3, and are constantly improving the quality of our products, yet we still procure from Europe many of their superior productions; but as we realize that there is still something to iearn, and we seek to excel, we are quite likely ere long to equal any soaps made in any country. The arts of maun fact u ring soaps and candles rest upon exact principles and fixed rules,and are true chemical industries. So it is important that the manufacturer should endeavor by steady experiment and practice to learn these arts scientifically, that he may fully understand their true foundations. Being chemical arts, it has been necessary to use many scientific terms, hut the author has sought to give the simplest explanations while yet retaining accuracy, that the worker, who may be without experience, nmy fully under-Btand the meaning of all he reads, and it is his object here to make all processes as simple as possible, compatible with their accuracy and importance. In conclusion, he desires to give a word of advice founded on experience, to ail who wish to enter into the important manufacture of soaps, as well as to those already in it; to seek the most approved means of making good honest soaps, soaps that will bear all testa, and bring him reputation, respectability, and fortune, for though by sophistication and adulteration a larger quantity may be marketed by the attraction of low prices, yet quality is the only true test, and superiority should be the aim, aa it is the only road to respectability in the trade. SECTION II. HISTORY OF THE SOAP AXD ALKALI TRADES. IF we could go back sufficiently far in the history of nations, we should find that commerce meant the barter of the commonest natural products. Just as people progressed in civilization so did their wants increase, and to :neet their requirements it became necessary to apply to natural products much study, to shape them to Buit the desired uses. So we Bee the beginning of mannfacturea which now represent the most important factor in the commerce cf nations. While in early times everything was accomplished through agriculture and the increase of the earth, it is stil! the most important, but guided by the intervention of science. In considering the history of manufactures, we will see that they have been chiefly developed through chemical research, and few, if any, have been more interesting or important to the progress of a country than the branches known its the soap and alkali manufactures and trade. So we roust consider chemistry as a science built on a framework which has been raised by the labors of sucli men as Berzelius, La-vnisier, Schoele, Gay-Lussac, Lelcivre, and others, and see the-application of derived knowledge to the arts and manufactures, and appreciate the natural consequences of cheap soap and cheap oils, "cheap cleanliness and cheap light." While we find that soap has been used for some centuries and by many nations, it is not BO well established that the ancients were acquainted with it,«a it is known that they used ashes and alkaline earths; which, though they had a detersive power, yet aa found in i.ature were very eorrosive and destructive to fibrous material and to the human skin. These natural substances are still used in some countries a3 substitutes for soap. so TECMKICAI. TREATISE OS SOAP AND CANDLES.

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