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Previous Next The best candle and soap tips online! MATERIALS USED JN THE MAXUtfACTUBE OF SOAPS. 103 an iron pipe of 1\ (o 10 centimetres (2.9 to 3.93 inches)thickness is inserted, which opens in the chimney of the fire space, iif the kettle similar to the apparatus used by Grodhaus and Fink or Vohl, elsewhere illustrated, for the removal of the fetid vapors in the process of rendering old tallow. This has at the same time the advantage, that the sharp poignant smelling vapors are removed without any danger whatever, since it is performed at the lowest possible temperature without the oil becoming in the least brown, and the process is finished in from three to ten hours,according to the quantity. It is generally preferable not to bleach too large quantities at once, indeed there ia rarely a savii g of time ; since a portion of 400 kilogrammes (880 lbs.) bleaches in four separate portions, I.e., each time 100 kilogrammes (220 lbs.) easier and better than when all is taken at oiice. The finishing of the bleaching process is best ascertained by placing from time to time a few drops of the oil upon a porcelain plate, and thus comparing their color. As soon as it is observed that the succeeding drops are no longer of a different shade of color than those preceding, the operation is considered finished. In cooling off the bleached oil, great csire must be taken in adding water to it, for if it h not performed with the greatest care, an explosion may ensue. It is more judicious to add a portion of formerly bleached cold oil, until the temperature has sunk below 100° C. (212° F.), when, without the least danger, water may be added TO hasten the coaling off, so that the oil may be drawn off into wooden vessels. If carefully conducted the palm oil thus I Reached possesses cither a light yellowish color, or it is of a greenish hue probably emanating from a small quantity of copper from the kettle. The snap boiled from it is not entirely white when fresh, but assumes whiteness after being a short time exposed to the light. By the bleaching of palm oil, not only the color of the oil and the glyceryl oxide are decomposed, Lut the palmitin also while losing 1 equivalent of carbon anil 1 equivalent of hydrogen is changed into palmitic acid which causes a loss 104 TECHNICAL TREATISE OH SOAP AND CANDLES, MATERIALS USED JN THE MAKUFACTURB OF SOAPS. 105 of about 2.75 per cent, in oil, which by the bleaching with chromate of pota&sa and muriatic acid is avoided Palm oil is sometimes confounded with galam butter, shea butter, or bambuk butter, which lias much similarity with it, possesses a dirty-white or reddish color, and melts at 30° C. (8(3° F.), readily becoming mnuid,aud in this acting similar to palm oil. The galam butter is the product of basst'a -parka, a tree belonging to the saponaea species, growing in the interior of Africa. The others are, we believe, derived from the same source. PALM KERNEL OLL has recently made its appearance in the market, and it is but. a short time since it found application in the manufacture of soap. It is obtained by crushing and pressing the etony kernels which are contained in the fruit of the avu'im elais. In the raw state it has fin almost cott'ee-brown color and a peculiar eocoa-like fragrance. Before its application to the making of soap it must be bleached. To do thin, the following reeipe will answer: 50 kilogrammes (110 lbs.) of fat are well stirred with a rake in a sub-lye or in a solution of culinary salt of 26° I*., at a temperature of 100° C. (212° ¥.). After this it is left to settle awhile, during whicli time the fat which has already lost considerable of its color, rises to the surface. It is then scooped off, warmed to 35° C. (95° F.) mixed with 1 kilogramme {2.2 lbs.) of crude muriatic acid and a solution of \ kilogramme (£.8 ozs.) chromate of potash in water, and well stirred. On the following day the oil is reheated to 35° C. (95° F.), and again \ kilogramme bichromate of potassa and 1 kilogramme muriatic acid are added. The oil thus bleached, called in commerce pal mi tin oil, has a faint reddish tint and an agreeable smell similar to that of a mixture of palm oil and cocoa-nut oil, and in consequence thereof it may be used with good results for making the so-called Swiss soaps, also for colored toilet soap, which in this case is not subject to that disagreeable odor which cocoa-nut oil soda soap possesses. COCOA-NUT OIL. Of tliis valuable oil three kinds? are at present known in commerce, Ceylon, Sidney, and Cochin China oils, the Utter being considered much the best—whether from a different species of palm or the care in its preparation is not known. These oils are obtained by boiling the ground or crushed kernels of the nuts of the cocoa nucifrro, the cocos butymcea and perhaps other species. Cocoa-nut oil is a white usually rancid fat of the consistency of lard with an unpleasant taste and smell; it melts at 20 to 22° C. (68 to 73.6° F.)and congeals at 18° C. (64.40° F.). Tyndall made some experiments, and obtained by the operation.from 210 kilogrammes (46^ lbs.), dividing the cocoa-nut kernels into portions of 3£ kilogrammes (7.33 lbs.) in pressing hags made of bast mats, various sorts of oil of steadily increasing melting points, after having five times increased the temperature of the masses which were prepared for pressing, viz., 1 portion of 4'i£ feilogramines pressed at 14-15° C. (57.it-Hip F.) 2 " 6i " " 18-19° C. (B4.4-66.2o p.) 3 " 10} " " 24°O. (T5.2OF.) 4 " 13g " " 29-3CO C. (84.&-SfP F.) 5 " i'°l " " 40-41= C. (104-10S.SOF.) Togetlier 119£ kilogrammes (202 lbs.) The remaining cakes which were pressed out weighed 77J kilogrammes (170.5 lbs.), the rest of 13| kilogrammes (29.4 lbs.) was mostly oil which runs down from the press into a separate vessel. From this it is manifest that the kernels contain HO per cent, or somewhat more, and probably two different fats, one fluid and one solid, which in the seed are separately present, but during the process of pressing become mixed with each other the higher the temperature becomes. So that, according as may be desired, the oil may be pressed out at first fluid, then firm or even of a medium consistency. In fact, by the above slated experiment the first and second portions were entirely liquid and translucent, the tliird half 103 TECHNICAL. TREATISE OS SOAP AND CANDLES. liquid and milky, the fourth, firm and of a dirty-white color, tlie fifth pure white and very solid The solid fat which has received the name kocin was formerly deemed to be the combination of a specific acid, viz., kocin, cocoa-nut tallow, or cocoa-nut stearic acid, with oxide of glyceryi. Ileiifz, moreover, has shown that the latent acid which is contained in kocin combined with oxide of glyceryl is a mixture of tivo different acids, laurie and my-ristie, which is in the proportion of 14 parts of laurie with 3 parts of my fiat ie acid, with 6 to 6^ parts of palmitic aeid, and it has the same melting point as the hitherto presumed acid of kocin —85° C. (95° F,). Mjrisrtc acid melts at 34° C. (93.2° F.), laurie acid at 44° C. (111.2° F.). The mixture has therefore a lower melting point than the average of the two acids. A similar action Ileintz proved to exist in the case of palmitic and stearic acids. In cocoa stearine we hence have laurie and niyristie acids of oxide of glyceryl. The action of cocoa-nut oil in the process of saponification is peculiar, and quite different from that of tallow and other fatB. Tlie cocoa-nut oil snap can only be separated by concentrated solutions of culinary salt, and then becomes so extraordinarily hard that it cannot he cut. For this reaeon a clear boiling to the solid would in case of the cocoa-nut oil soap be entirely contrary to the end in view, and very difficult. While furthermore, tall'nv for instance treated with very strong lye floats above and then can hardly or not at all be saponified; in the ease of cocoa-nut oil just the contrary happens. It does not form that milk-like mixture with weak lyes by which the pneess of saponification is usually preceded, hut floats as a clear fat above, only when by a continued boiling and evaporation the lye baa reached a certain strength, the saponifieation suddenly ensues. For saponifying cocoa-nut oil, lyes of such strength are used that the soap with the lye receives the intended contents of water, and a separation thereof becomes unnecessary. Of course the amount of the alkali must he BO accurately calculated that the soap receives no excess of alkali, or at least but very little. MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAPS. 107 The highly disagreeable odor which is natural to cocoa-nut oil is retained by the soaps made from it, and thus far no remedy has been made known that is capable of removing it. Since the odorous matter is volatile, it seems feasible to remove it by heating. By an experiment made for this purpose this was accomplished only to a certain degree, but it is not impossible that by a still further continued and also increased heating, this purpose may yet be accomplished. The gradual addition of a little water to the heated oil seems also to operate'efficaciously in the removal cf the smell. If cocoa-nut oil is slowly heated until it reaches 165° C. (329° F.) it develops a poignant rancid smell not unlike that of lacteal acid ; tlie oil remains thereby colorless and obtains a high degree of limpidity. By continued heating to 240° C. (464° F.) and if this temperature is kept constant for a while, the fat loses the capability of immediately congeal ing after it cools ofJV Only after 24 hours a part of such oil become* firm, which can be easily pressed out from the liquid mass, and it is very polid and entirely colorless. Per haps this solid matter might in many cases be used to advantage in the manufacture of candles. After remaining for 40 hours exposed to the cold, the other part of tlie oil also congeals. * The properties of this article, as given above, are possessed in common by the Cochin China, Ceylon, and Sidney cocoa-nut oils; only the latter are, as a rule, of a somewhat softer consistency, and also le^s white in color, than that from Cochin China; nor does the saponiiication occur with each oil in the same manner, which probably ia caused by the fact that by the pressing of the kernels the liquid and the said fats are uot always kept mixed in the same proportions. GALLIPOLI OIL, also called Illipe oil, or Bassia oil, is obtained from the seeds of Bassia latifolia and Bassia long!folia* It melts at 26° to 28° 0.(78.8° to 82.4° F.); is'in its solid state, greenish-white, wlen melted yellow, and has a weak, not disagreeable smell. 109 103 TECHNICAL TREATISE ON BOAP AND CANDLES. Of late it has been mucli used iti England and France for the purposes of soap manufacture. ALMOKB OIL. This well-known oil, ttough making a very superior soap of a beautiful candleshop.com/cgi-bin/affiliates/clickthru.cgi?id=soforreal">wax-like appearance, is too costly for any except the finest toilet soiips, and then it is generally mixed with equal parts of refintd hog's lard. It is found in commerce of a clear yellowish-white color, and, if fresh, has no odor, and is of a pleasant, sweet, nutty taate. It is made by expressing the almond kernels, which are ground and steamed and placed under heavy pressure. The oil obtained is submitted to the action of steam-heat, the impurities subsiding with the condensed water; the marc is dried and powdered to make a useful toilet powder. Both the sweet and the bitter almonds are used for making the oil, tlie former containing nearly fifty per cent, of oil, while the latter have less than thirty per cent. SESAME OIL. Tins valuable oil, from the seeds of the Sesamum orientaJe, has many good properties for forming a superior aoap especially adapted for the toilet, but generally in combination with other oils or fats. The plant, originally indigenous to India, however generally thrives in warm climates, and is frequently cultivated aa an oil plant. In Iudia three varieties are said to be known, viz., with white seed, with partly colored, and with brownish-black seed grains; the latter furnishing the oil of commerce, and containing 40 to 50 per cent. The sesame seed comes in great quantities from India and Africa to Europe, to France, Germany, and England, where by pressing the oil is obtained. It is yellowish, in a pure state odorless and tasteless. "When first pressed it tastes somewhat sharp, but this taste is soon entirely lost. If exposed to the air for some time it attains a hemp-like smell. The MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOATS. oil has a specific gravity of 0.923 at 15° C. (59° F.); at 8.° C. (4(3.4° F.) it congeals and assumes a consistency like palm oil; heated to 150° to 200° C. (302° to 39:1° F.) it becomes somewhat lighter in color. Sesame oil finds a very extensive application as table oil, illuminating oil, iind especially for soap-making. It is used in a similar manner to olive oil,smd serves frequently for adulterating it. According to Pohl sesame oil, mixed with sulphuric acid, turns quickly to a brownish-red color, while olive oil attains a green-yellow or brownisli-yellow liue; according to others the presence of sesame oil in another oil is perceivable by a stronger foaming, which becomes visible when the oil is left to descend in a thin stream from a height of 1,2 to 1.5 metres (-47 to 59 inches). What influence the Blate of the seed, the age of the seed, and the manner of pressing have on the properties of the oil, has not yet been ascertained. Soda soap made from sesame oil always remains somewhat soft, and hence it is best applied for making soft soap, or added to fats making a hard soap. RAPJLSEED OIL AND COLESEED OIL. This last named oil is acquired from Bmssica rompestrls. The seeds give 40 per cent of their weight of a light, thin-tiish, limpid oil, whose specific gravity is 0.913. Urussici mpus furnishes the so-called rapeaeed oil, which lias a peculiar smell. In all other respects these oils show congruous action, and are adapted for making soft soap. The soda soaps remain always somewhat soft. GROUNDNUT OIL. This oil is obtained from the fruit of the Arackis kypogxa, a leguniine plant. This small,creeping plant is indigenous lo South America and the coasts of southern Africa and Asia. Since tlie later part of the last century it has been cultivated in our Southern States, and in Italy, Spsiin, and the southern ]arts of France. 110 TECHNICAL TREATISE ON SOA.P AND CANDLES. The plant is svnail and has, like many plants of the same species, an inclination to twine around other objects. As soon as the fruit commences to form, the blossom-bearing Btem haa a particular inclination to creep into the soil. Blossoms which do not reach umlsr the soil, remain either not bearing or the fruit does not ripen. In the cultivation of the plant, the main tittup consists in taking care that all sterna which have finished bln-ssoinitig w& covered with earth. In the wild state, the plant produces five or six pods or shells; hut their number increases greatly in the cultivated state. The pods are 2| to 3£ centimetres (0.97 to 1,36 inches) l"ng, have one to three seeds in each, and have dirty-yellowish, leathery, rugged, lengthwise-raised shells. The fruit itself is longitudinally round, outside covered by a very thin, curly, brown skin; it is white similar to white beans, which it in taste also resembles, if the oily taste be not considered. When roasted it does not, taste unlike the rousted almond, for which it is often a substitute. In Spain, its flour is mixed with the roasted fruit of cocoa, or it is used as a substitute for the latter. Its oil has a light green color, and does not seem to become easily rancid. It furnishes an excellent soap, which is firm, white, and odorless. Within the last few years, it has for this purpose been applied in Germany, France, and elsewhere with profit. BEN OIL is obtained from the seeds of the Galavdim moringa and is very applicable in perfumery, it having the property of resisting rancidity better than almost all known oils. For this reason it is u«ed in oiling clocks. The more solid piirta are extracted by congesiliti^ the oil and the limpid oil u^ed for this purpose. For so;i|S this oil hns no advantages over Besaine and some other oils, while it is usually much higher in price. Previous Next
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