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VH PAGE Analysis of Crude Artificial Soda ; Reined Carbonate of Soda . . 34 Crystallized Carbonate of Soda, or Crystals of Soda .... 55 Caustic Salt3 of Soda . . .... . . .57 Analysis of an English Caustic Soda ....... 58 Table of Specific Gravity of Sodas and amount of Caustic Koda . . 59 Caustic Soda from Cryolite; Ammonia; Kubinium and Caesium . 60 Lime 61 Water 64 Table of Hardness of Watera and of Soap Decomposed by . . 66 Salt 67 Fata and Oils 68 Fats of Animal Origin; Tallows . 75 VohTs Apparatus for Rendering Tallow ...... 84 Lard .... 86 Rendering by Steam ; Wilson's Process ...... 88 Butter 90 Composition of Butter 31 Bone Fat • .92 Horse Fat; Glue Fat 93 Neat's Foot Oil: Kitchen Fat 94 Fish Oils ; Cod liver O.I 95 Oils anil Fats of Wgotable Origin - - r . . . t . 97 Physical Properties of Oils ; Olive Oil . . • .98 Palm Oil 99 Vuiin-kernel Oil . 104 Cocoa-nut Oil 105 Gallipoli Oil 107 Almond Oil; Sesame Oil 108 Rapeseed Oil and Coleseed Oil; Groundnut Oil .... 109 Ben Oil 110 Avocado Oil; Sunflower Oil; Cotton-seed Oil Ill Castor Oil; Poppy-seed Oil 113 Hempseed Oil; Analyses of Heinpseed Olla 114 Nut Oil; Beach-nut Oil 115 Cameline Oil; Mustard-seed Oil; Colza Oil 116 Hazel-nut Oil; Linaeed Oil; Oleic Acid, Olein, Commercial Red Oil 117 Vegetable Tallow; Shea Butter or GaUm Butter . . . .121 Butter of Nutmeg or Oil of Mace; Composition of Butter of Nutmeg . 122 Tallow of Virola ; Oil of Laurel) Cocoa Butter . . . .123 Carapa Oil; Millibar Tallow; Goa Butter; Grape-seed Oil ; Oil of Tobacco Seeds; Oil of Belladonna Seeds 124 Waxes; Beescandleshop.com/cgi-bin/affiliates/clickthru.cgi?id=soforreal">wax; Palm-tree candleshop.com/cgi-bin/affiliates/clickthru.cgi?id=soforreal">wax • 125 Carnauba Wax ; Myrtle Wax; Ocuba Wax ; The Wax of Bieuyda ; Rosin or Colophony ......... 126 SECTION IV. THE RECOVERY OF OFFAI, AND OTHER REFUSE, FATS, AN* GUEASES. PAGE The Yield of Offal Fats by means of Suipluret (Bisulphide) of Carbon 131 Wool Fatand Fuller's Fat 132 Composition of the Residuum . . . . . . . . 136 , SECTION V. THE ADULTEHATION OF FATTY BODIES* Olive Oil; Oil of Sweet Almonds 140 Rapeseed Oil; Sesame Oil; Linseed Oil; Black Poppy Oil; EJemp- seed Oil 141 Castor Oil; Neat's Foot Oil; Oleic Acid; Palm Oil; Cocoa-iut Oil 142 Asaaya of Oils 143 Qualitative Assays ' . . , . 144 Table of the Colorations taken by different Oils 146 Falsification of Lard; Alterations; Falsifications . . . .148 Falsifications of Tallows ] 49 Falsifications of Waxes; Yellow AVax and Sulphur; Yellow W*x and Yellow Ochre; Yellow and White Wax and Calcined Bones; Wax and Resins; Pitch, etc 150 Wax and Starch or other Amylaceous Substances : Wax and Tallow . 151 SECTION VI. THE CHEMICAL EquivALENTS APPLICABLE TO SOAP. SECTION VII. SAI'ONIFICATIOK—THKOBETICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PKACTICAL, SECTION Till, ALKALIMETRY. ? 167 168 172 175 176 177 178 179 Analysis by Measure, or Volumetric Analysis ... The Burette , The Pippette Flasks , Cylinders for Mixing Scales and Weights; Tincture of Litmus ; Cochineal Tincture . The Preparation of the Tincture of Litmus .... Tincture of Cochineal: the basis of Alkaline try Table of the Quantities of Bases Neutralised by Normal Nitric Acid . 182 iatt CONTENTS. PACE Normal Alkali 184 Estimation of the amount of Soda in Lyes of Potash .... 185 Analysis of Lime , . . .194 SECTION IX. THE APPLICATION OF SOAPS. SECTION X. . THB ESTABLISHMENT OF A SOAP FACTOBY WITH THE NECESSAIIV PI. A ST. Description of the Soap Manufactory for Marseilles Soap of Goutard in St- Quen, near Paris. . . . . . . . l&it Description of a French Soap Factory for making Mottled Marseilles Soap; Factory Building * . . , . . . ? 20o Kettles ; Fireplace; Grate; General Chimney 204 Ash-pan; Cisterns in Masonry ; Large Masonry Vats ; Cellars; Basins ; . Frames; Store-rooms 203 Description of a General Plan for Manufactory of Soup heated by Steam; Boiler; Fireplace; Chimney; Dome ...... 206 Kettles; Pipes; Cisterns; Cellars; Foundation of the Kettles; Sheet- iron Vats; Frames .207 Prying-Room 208 Kettles; Masonry Kettles ' .211 Cast-iron Kettles 212 Sheet-iron Kettles; Heating of Kettles by Fire . .... 21.1 Heating of Kettles by Steam . , , , , . . . 21.1 Steam Series ^ 217 Hubert's Apparatus for Boiling Soap by means of surcharged Steam . 219 St. John's Steam Jacket 221 Morfit's Steam Jacket . . . . . . , . .222 Caldrons or Boiling Pans - . . 224 Lye Vats 225 Siphon ? 228 Bogardus's Eccentric Mill for Grinding; Drum Sieve . . . 229 Soap Frames; Frames of Masonry ....... 230 Frames of Iron , 2SI Whittaker'a Patent Soap Frames 232 Frames of Wood 233 Hersey's Patent Rotary Soap Pump 236 Cutting Operation 238 Slabbing and Barring Machine ....--•? 239 Caking Machine 242 IX CONTENTS. Champion Slabber; Ralston's Patent Cutter, with Stamping and Spreading Attachments; Crutching Machines; Stephen Strunz's ' Soap Crutching Machine . . . . . . . . 243 Strunz's Jacket Crutehing Machine ....... 245 Minor Implements 24fi SECTION XI. ' THE FABRICATION OF SOAPS. ' Soaps by Boiling ....,.,*-. 248 Tables of Lime )o be applied in proportion to contents of Potash and Soda to pure Carbonate of Alkali ....... 250 Preparing Potash Lye from Wood Ashes 253 Preservation of the Lyes , 254 Tables of Experiments with Sodas of S(l° ami 72° Bailing . . . 253 Table of the Contents of Anhydrous Potash, with the corresponding Specific Gravities and degrees of Hydrometer amjrJing to Bsinme . 259 Dalton's Table of Potash, contents of Lyes according to their Specific Gravities ......... . 2S9 Table of the Contents of Anhydrous Soda, with trie corresponding Specific Gravity and Hydro-metric degret of B;ium6 with the quanti ties of Fata Saponified by Lyes of various strengths . . . 2(>1 Dalton's Table of the various specific gravities of Sod.is contained in the Lyes ........... 2C2 Hard Soaps (Soda Soaps) ; to make a good Marble or Marseilles Soap 266 Clear Boiling . ...*..,, 269 The Grinding or Filling of the Soap ....... 271 The Marbling of the Soap 272 Formulas for Marseilles Soaps; White Marseilles (Castile Soap) . 274 Pasting ..... 276 Separation; Clear boiling, or Coction ',.,... 277 Fitting 279 White Soap from Olive Oil .... ... 280 White Castile (Marseilles) Soap as made in England, Germany, and thu United States; Tallow Soap (Curd Soap) .... .281 Palm Soap ........... 284 Combinations in vogue for Palm Soap; Rosin Soap (Yellow Soap) . 285 Rosin Soap with Cocoa-nut Oil ........ 286 Resinous Grain Soap anrl Turpentine Soap . . , . 287 Olein Soap, Oleic Acid Soap, Elaidin Soap 288 First and second services of Lye . . . . . , . 291 Fitting • 292 Stirring the Soap in the Frames . 294 Castile Soap from Cotton-seed Oil 296 Mottled Castile Soap from Cotton-seed Oil 29S Previous Next
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