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Previous Next The best candle and soap tips online! SO A TECHNICAL TREATISE AP AND CANDLES; WITH A GLANCE AT THE INDUSTRY OF FATS AND OILS. BY K. S. CKISTIANI, CHEMIST, ACTHOS OF "? PEB.FU MEItr ANIIKISUKED Alirg.." ILLUSTRATED BY ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SIX ENGRAVINGS. PHILADELPHIA; HENRY CAREY BAIED& CO., INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS A3D IMPORTKRS, 810 WALNUT STREET. LONDON: SAMPSON LOW, MARHTON, SEARI.E & RIVINQTON, CROWS BUILDINGS, 1SB FLEET STBEIT. 1881. PREFACE. HENRY CAREY BATRD k CO. 1881. AT this advanced age it ie quite unnecessary to speak of the importance of the arts of manufacturing soap and candles, as they have become necessary to all civilized nations, and it has been well said that we may judge of the degree of civilization of a people by knowing the amount of soap they consume; and the chemists who bj their research discovered the methods of making artificial soda, ami the true constituents of the fats and oila and their utilization may be considered among the greatest benefactors of their race, giving :o the world cheap cleanliness, as 'veil as clicap light. To remove these arts from the darkness of empirical rules to the light of mndern science is one of the- principal desires in the construction of this work, tor the author has had an experience of nearly forty years in these and kindred arts, in pharmacy, chemistry, soaps, perfumery, etc., and he well knows how little science has been consulted in making these useful articles, and how much guesswork with the usual uncertain results, depending upon the experience w^iich the operator may have bad, and the more or less secret his processes. These experiences ami processes may have served a useful purpose when the arts were confined to making domestic soaps and tallow caudles, but they cannot avaii at the present time, when they have become a thoroughly scientific manufacture. To render this work as complete as possible, and bring all the processes and formulas up to the present time, the author las given much time and care to its compilation; aided by Ms long experience,and having access to iJl that has been discovered and written in France, Gerrnstry, England, and this country, he issues it with confidence that it will be found a useful guide, and by its simplicity and correctness well adapted for the use of the aoap and candle manufacturer of the present age. C01LIIH, FBIS-«K. ?xt PREFACE. Americans, true to their renown, have made the. greatest advance in the mechanical part of these arts by their numerous improved machines and apparatus for the saving of labor and improvement in the products, and the author has illustrated some of the most recent, most admirable, and most durable. From such causes they are making rapid strides towards the highest excellence, aided by these improvements, so that our products will compete favorably with any now made, although we must still yield to Prance the palm for superiority hi toilet soaps. In the department of candles there may be considered quite a revival in the manufacture at this time, particularly for the better clasa of goods, and he has therefore given it careful consideration. The uaeof gas hi the large cities and petroleum everywhere, the latter particularly affording a good and cheap light for the million, has caused this manufacture to suffer neglect for some years; yet gas has its disadvantages and petroleum its dangers, so that candles are becoming much more used at feasts and festivals and in the homes of the wealthy, aiding rutich in the decorations of modern homes by their attractive designs and giving a softer and more pleasant light. Knowing tlie importance of the arts of which he treats, the author has sought to make his book as complete as possible, and he believes he has left out nothing that would be useful or important. How well he has performed his task experience in its use must show. In conclusion the author takes pleasure in acknowledging his obligations to the writings on the same subject of 1*1-0-fessora Morfit and Bussauce, both published by the publishers of the present work, and of those of Messrs. Lichten-berg, Steiuheil, and Malejieyre,and very many others of later dates, indeed too many to enumerate in this place. PHILADELPHIA, MARCH 4, 1881. NOTB.—Owing to the difference that obtains in the several countries as to the weights and measures and thermometer scales, the author li;is rendered all (lie French or decimal weights into that most nseii in this country —(he avoirdupois; when fluids are called for, into that of the apothecary, and when the centigrade scale of the thermometer is given., which is generally the case in m>sl scientific books, into that of Fahrenheit, thus simplifying the subject to the reader. CONTESTS. SECTION I. INTRODUCTION. SECTION IT. HISTORY OF TIIE SOAP AXE ALKALI TRADES. SECTION III. MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP?. PAGE Alkalies , 26 Potash 27 Comparative Table of the Quantities of Ashos and Potash contained in different Vegetables ......... 30 Quantity of Ashes yielded by different pars of Plant* ... 30 Bertliier's Table of the Quantities per cent, of Solul.ic and Insoluble Matters 81 Table of the Composition of tlie Mixture of Soluble Salts extracted from the Ashes of some Vegetables . , . • . 31 Extraction of 1'otash 32 Combustion of the Plants in Furnaces ...... 33 Leaching or Washing of the Ashes ....... 34 Rfd American Potash ......... 35 Ashes made from Tartar ... . . .37 Potash made from Bwt-root Molasses ... . 38 Composition of Commercial Potaahtjs; Ti.hlu of the Composition of tho Principal Commercial Potashes . ...... 39 Purification of Potash . ... 40 Soda ? 41 Natural Sodas; Soda of Xurbonne 43 Soda of Aigues-Mortes; Soda from Sca-wml? ; Sparisn. Sodas . . 48 Mixed Barilla ; Salted Barilla; Natron 44 History of the Fabrication of Artificial Scwla 45 Fabrication of Crude Soda; Sulphate of Soda 48 Mixture , ... 49 Calcination . . . . , . . . 50 expense of Manufacturing Artificial Sod* in France; Production; Artificial Salted Soda 52 CONTENTS. Previous Next
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